Soil is not a good leaf or a bad leaf but it depends on how we use the land. Accumulation of excess salts in the root zone of plants in the soil results in partial or complete loss of soil productivity is a worldwide problem. The problem of salinity in the soil is mostly spread in the barren and semi-arid regions of the state of Gujarat. Especially in the coastal areas of 1600 km coastal areas of Gujarat, salinity penetrates through irrigation from groundwater and causes serious problems. The use of brackish water in irrigated and semi-arid areas to meet the food needs of the growing population has led to the most serious salinity problems. However, irrigation is thus a costly, technically complex, and skillfully managed subject. Failure to implement the principles of water management efficiently results in salinity problems due to wastage of water by irrigation, which in turn reduces soil productivity and ultimately leads to loss of arable land. Salt-affected soils are a long-standing problem but their area and intensity are increasing rapidly in recent decades due to large-scale efforts to bring more areas under irrigation. The development problem of irrigation systems without adequate provision for additional water disposal systems has been aggravated and the use of bad water without management methods has been aggravated. Soil management methods are very useful for improving soil properties and crop productivity.
Identifying, reproducing, and managing saline-affected soils by common characteristics and basic principles is a problem worldwide. However, the pace of land improvement varies from place to place in terms of soil characteristics, climate, water availability, agricultural management capacity, financial convenience, available farm inputs, and economic incentives. Despite the technical literature with accurate information on this subject, attempts to rehabilitate salt-affected soils often result in partial or complete failures. These failures often result in a lack of proper land identification and the use of improper recovery methods, loss of money, and the potential increase in crop yields.
Excessive salinity in the soil results in poor and volatile crops, uneven and low growth, and poor yields. The primary cause of excess salinity is the availability of water to the plant, even though there is sufficient water in the root zone of the plant. This is because as the concentration of salinity increases, the endothelial pressure in the soil increases. In addition, the excess salinity concentration and the absorption of isolated ions prove to be toxic to plants and prevent the absorption of essential nutrients by other essential plants.
Alkaline soil recovery and management :
The crop yield depends on factors like crop growth, soil salt content, climatic conditions, etc. In severe cases where the salinity is very high in the root zone of the plant, the growth of the crop is completely stopped. In such soils, it is necessary to remove excess salinity from the root zone to increase crop growth. Salt removal in such soils refers to the methods used to remove soluble salts from the root zone. The most commonly used methods are:
Scraping:
There has been only limited success in removing the salt accumulated on the soil surface by mechanical means i.e. tractors or other means, although many farmers have resorted to this process. Although this method can temporarily increase the growth of the crop, this method of temporarily rubbing the alkali coating poses a major problem in the final solution.
Flushing:
The method of mixing salts with water by dissolving the salts deposited on the surface of the soil with groundwater is sometimes used as this method is practically less prevalent as the amount of salt dissolved in the soil is less.
Leaching:
This method is most effective for removing salts from the root zone of plants in the soil. In this method, by filling fresh water on the surface of the soil, freshwater dissolves the salts entering the soil and drains below the original vista. Water is pumped out of the subsoil through a network of artificial pipes in the area where the groundwater level is filled up to the root zone of the plant. Leaching is usually done when soil moisture is low and groundwater level is low. Leaching is less effective during the summer months because large amounts of water evaporate from the air. However, the actual choice is based on water availability and other considerations. In some parts of India, for example, leaching is best accomplished during the summer months as the groundwater table is deepest during this time and the soil is dry. Land reclamation can be used for leaching a large amount of water as crop planting is low this summer season.
Quantity for leaching in saline soils. Adequate watering is very important and the amount of water is determined by the amount of desirable salinity before and after soil leaching as well as the depth of plant root area and soil characteristics. One useful rule, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization for saline soils and its management, is that one unit of water will remove about 80% of the salts from one unit of soil depth. Therefore, 30 cm. The upper 30 cm in the water. Hajj જમી About 80% of salts will be removed from the soil. In early summer, keep the field beds well-watered so that the salinity will seep deep inside. Even during drainage operations, the crop can be grown by selecting the appropriate crop according to the amount of salinity. To provide irrigation water to each subdivided plot only through a direct slope between the two plots. Under no circumstances should water flow from one plot to another.
In most of the areas in Gujarat where irrigated groundwater is available, the rate of digging in the soil is increasing, modern micro-irrigation system has become indispensable in the age of scientific farming husbands The amount of salinity in the soil can be prevented from increasing as the amount of water supplied is less than the amount of water released, as well as less water damage to the crop due to accumulation of water surface outside the root zone of house plants. Are given. Since water is supplied at low rates through the sprinkler and drips irrigation systems, almost all the water accumulated in the root zone is pushed out of the root zone of the plant by drainage. Thus some of the salts move with the redistributed water and at the same time, some of the salts move closer to the surface of the soil where they accumulate. The amount of alkali that rises to the surface depends on the amount of alkali present in the upper soil path, where water evaporates and mixes with the air. Thus, during evaporation of water, some of the salts accumulate on the surface of the soil due to previously irrigated water. While in advanced soils, on the other hand, more salts go upwards and accumulate on the topsoil and the soil quality deteriorates.
Balsamic ground and its improvement :
More than 25% of gypsum soil reduces plant growth, resulting in absence of uniformity in soil and complete instability in water. As a result, soil erosion can be very serious. Significant amounts of gypsum are found in the soil, especially in the driest regions of the earth.
Sodium is removed by drainage by displacing the sodium exchanged in calcareous soils. Make small beds by leveling the soil. Separate the soil and add half of the required amount of gypsum. 10 cm of gypsum in the soil. Mixing to depth. Gypsum can also be substituted for sulfur pyrite, sulfuric acid used in dairy, pressed. Keep the beds well watered so that the sodium is released and sinks deeper. During this improvement, select and grow suitable crops according to the amount of spirituality.
To improve the drainage capacity of the crop and to conserve soil moisture, plow the soil after harvest before the rainy season.
To improve the organic matter of the soil, to cultivate small pulses in exchange for the wheat crop. The gypsum cover in the subsoil can be split by deep tillage. For grain crops, especially use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.
Available, where irrigation facility requires gypsum disposal to keep the viscosity low. An efficient drainage system is required to maintain low groundwater levels and keep salinity under control. Cracks caused by the discharge of gypsum under the soil surface need to be taken up in the soil surface every year.
When the upper 30 cm. When there is a small amount of gypsum in the soil layer, it is used to grow small grains, cotton, sorghum, etc.
Limestone soil and its management:
This type of clay often contains more than 15% calcium carbonates (lime) in various forms (powder, crumbs, powder, etc.). It is widespread in the arid parts of the earth. Potential productivity is high if limestone soils are provided with adequate water and nutrients. High calcium saturation helps to keep soil in a unified form and in good physical condition.
The method of artificial drainage of water can be made efficient by breaking the hardcover under the ground by deep tillage. In this type of land with a sloping area, watering by the Dhoriya method is a better option as compared to the Khamana method. Drip irrigation can also be used.
Limestone soils are generally low in organic matter and low in nitrogen. Nitrogen fertilizers can be applied to the soil at any time from before planting to the time the plant is well established. The use of nitrogen by hand spraying the growing crop is an efficient method. Care should be taken not to apply nitrogen near the plant at the time of seed germination as it prevents seed germination. Ammonic sources of nitrogen and urea should not be left on the surface of the calcareous soil, as ammonia can cause significant damage as it evaporates into the air and should be incorporated into the soil.
Limestone soils are mostly deficient in phosphorus. This depends on the soil phosphorus deficiency and crop requirements. Adding too much phosphorus to the soil can lead to zinc or iron deficiency. For phosphorus to be effective in this type of soil, phosphorus fertilizer must be in water-soluble form. It is more effective to mix phosphorus in the soil than to mix it in the soil by hand. It is best to apply phosphorus to the soil when the plants are young as it is most essential during the small stages of plant growth.
Soil soils generally suffer from micronutrient deficiencies, especially zinc and iron. Zinc deficiency in corn is most pronounced, especially under the high yield intensive farming method, zinc sulfate being an effective zinc source and the most popular form used. Zinc sulfate is transmitted and mixed into the soil. A single dose of zinc sulfate prevents micronutrient deficiencies for many years. Zinc sulfate in horticultural crops is mixed with water and sprayed by a pump. Manure is helpful in preventing iron and zinc deficiency.
Sanday soil and its management:
Kutch and its environs in Gujarat have a lot of sandy soil so management of this type of land is very necessary. In sandy soils usually 50 cm. It has a coarse texture to a depth which results in retention of certain nutrients and low moisture retention capacity.
Fertilizer, especially manure, plays an important role in fertilizing the soil. The use of manure can gradually provide nutrients in available forms and improve the physicochemical industry properties of the soil. In sandy soils, composting does not finish the work, so the compost should be spread deep in the soil or a layer about one centimeter thick like carpet, so that the soil accumulates water, biological activity, enriches nutrients, and increases yield. Improved water storage can be added by reducing evaporation. Crop residues can reduce water loss due to evaporation from the soil surface as well as reduce fluctuations between maximum and minimum temperatures in the soil and reduce soil erosion caused by wind. Plowing is more effective after irrigation or after rains when the evaporation rate is high.
Afforestation with well-selected trees and shrubs is a complementary measure to the stabilization of sand dunes that must be followed. So that erosion of sandy soil can be prevented by an animal infestation.
