A remarkable archaeological discovery in Spain's Prado Vargas Cave is shedding new light on Neanderthal behaviour, suggesting a previously unrecognised penchant for collecting. Researchers have unearthed fifteen carefully curated marine fossils, dating back an astonishing 39,800 to 54,600 years, significantly predating the arrival of *Homo sapiens
in the region. This unique assemblage challenges existing perceptions of Neanderthal capabilities and offers compelling evidence of sophisticated cognitive abilities.
The fossils, primarily exhibiting no signs of modification for tool use, strongly suggest a deliberate collecting activity. The study, published in the journal *Quaternary*, details how the researchers ruled out practical applications for these objects. Unlike previous finds, which often yielded only one or two modified objects potentially used for adornment or as tools, the Prado Vargas Cave boasts a substantial collection, indicating a sustained interest in accumulating these marine specimens. The researchers explicitly state that the fossils "show no evidence of having been used as tools; thus, their presence in the cave could be attributed to collecting activities."
Several theories attempt to explain this behaviour. The possibility that the collection reflects an aesthetic appreciation of natural forms is raised, suggesting a nascent artistic interest or simple fascination with the shapes and textures of the fossils. However, the researchers also propose a more intriguing explanation: the fossils may represent a children's collection. The presence of Neanderthal child remains in the same cave lends credence to this hypothesis, noting that "the collection of objects is characteristic of childhood."
This discovery adds another layer to the growing understanding of Neanderthal cognitive abilities. While the act of collecting may appear rudimentary, it speaks to a level of abstract thought and planning not always associated with this hominin species. The accumulation of these fossils aligns with increasing evidence suggesting a more complex social and intellectual life for Neanderthals than previously believed.
Further bolstering this view is the existing evidence of Neanderthal hunting practices, demonstrated linguistic and cognitive capacities, symbolic behaviour, and potential artistic expression. Reports suggest evidence of care for the elderly and disabled within Neanderthal communities, as well as possible religious practices, such as a "bear cult." The current finding thus fits within a broader picture of a sophisticated species capable of intricate behaviours.
The timing of the discovery is also significant. The fossils predate the arrival of *Homo sapiens
in the region, demonstrating that these complex behaviours were independently developed by Neanderthals. The assemblage provides compelling evidence for advanced cognitive skills and a potentially complex relationship with the natural world, suggesting a level of appreciation for and engagement with their environment.
The authors conclude their study with a thought-provoking reflection. They draw a parallel between the contemporary study and collection of Neanderthal remains and the potential for future civilizations to study and collect the remains of modern humans. They posit that this represents an âinfinite spiral through which, at some point, we will be part of what we collect," highlighting the cyclical nature of human history and the ongoing quest to understand our ancestors. The discovery at Prado Vargas Cave significantly contributes to this ongoing conversation, offering a fascinating glimpse into the rich and complex lives of Neanderthals.